Microsoft Frontend Engineer Interview Questions

useEffect runs after the browser paints, so it is best for side effects that do not affect layout immediately. useLayoutEffect runs before paint, which is useful when you need to measure or synchronously update layout-sensitive values.

I would keep local UI state close to the component that uses it and lift state only when multiple parts need it. For shared app state, I would use a clear state management strategy and separate server state from client state.

Layout shift happens when elements move after the page has already rendered, often because images, fonts, or async content load without reserved space. I would reserve dimensions, avoid injecting content above existing elements, and stabilize loading states.

I treat accessibility as part of the core implementation, not a final polish step. That means semantic HTML, keyboard navigation, proper focus management, contrast awareness, and testing with assistive technology patterns in mind.

I would define design tokens first, then build components with consistent APIs, predictable behavior, and documented states. I would also include accessibility requirements, theming support, versioning, and visual regression checks.